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The information on this blog was derived from a variety of sources. Part of it is from the report prepared for my wife by The Genographic Project of National Geographic. She is J-mtDNA. Part of it is from Wikapedia, Eupedia and other sources.
Your mtDNA is a tiny part of your DNA, inherited from your mother, her mother, her mother, etc. It is interesting because you can trace it back and find relatives since it mutates slowly and does not recombine like most of your DNA. But it is a very small part of your overall DNA.
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You can find more about Genographic at:
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From East Africa, groups containing this lineage spread across Africa. Between 60 and 70 thousand years ago, some groups moved from Africa to Asia. Your J-mtDNA line traces to one of these groups.
Around 32,000 years ago, your J-mtDNA line was born in West Asia. There, your ancestors lived through the Paleolithic and the last glacial maximum. At the end of the last ice age, the beginning of settled agriculture triggered a population expansion among members of this line, but their story was just beginning.
INTRODUCTION TO YOUR STORY
We will now take you back through the stories of your distant ancestors and show how the movements of their descendants gave rise to your lineage.
Each segment on the map above represents the migratory path of successive groups that eventually coalesced to form your branch of the tree. We start with the marker for your oldest ancestor, and walk forward to more recent times, showing at each step the line of your ancestors who lived up to that point.
What is a marker? Each of us carries DNA that is a combination of genes passed from both our mother and father, giving us traits that range from eye color and height to athleticism and disease susceptibility. As part of this process, the Y-chromosome is passed directly from father to son, unchanged, from generation to generation down a purely male line. Mitochondrial DNA, on the other hand, is passed from mothers to their children, but only their daughters pass it on to the next generation. It traces a purely maternal line.
The DNA is passed on unchanged, unless a mutation — a random, naturally occurring, usually harmless change —occurs. The mutation, known as a marker, acts as a beacon; it can be mapped through generations because it will be passed down for thousands of years.
When geneticists identify such a marker, they try to figure out when it first occurred, and in which geographic region of the world. Each marker is essentially the beginning of a new lineage on the family tree of the human race. Tracking the lineages provides a picture of how small tribes of modern humans in Africa tens of thousands of years ago diversified and spread to populate the world.
By looking at the markers you carry, we can trace your lineage, ancestor by ancestor, to reveal the path they traveled as they moved out of Africa. Our story begins with your earliest ancestor. Who were they, where did they live, and what is their story?
In the book "The Seven Daughters of Eve Professor Bryan Sykes gives the "J" mtDNA the name "Jasmine." The mtDna is passed from mother to child with very minimal changes."Jasmine" is one of seven maternal lineages in Europe.
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The information below is from Wikapedia
Haplogroup J (mtDNA)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Haplogroup J | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 45,000 years before present |
| Possible place of origin | Caucasus, Eurasia |
| Ancestor | JT |
| Descendants | J1, J2 |
| Defining mutations | 295 489 10398 12612 13708 16069[1] |
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup J is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup J derives from the haplogroup JT, which also gave rise to Haplogroup T. In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Jasmine.
Origin
Around 45,000 years before present, a mutation took place in the DNA of a woman who lived in the Near East or Caucasus. Further mutations took place in the J line which can be identified as J1a1 (27,000 yrs ago), J2a (19,000 yrs ago), J2b2 (16,000 years ago), J2b3 (5,800 yrs ago), etc. Haplogroup J (along with ‘T’) MtDNA J & T colonised Europe from the Near East in the late Paleolithic & Mesolithic.
| Subclade | European coalescence time[2] | Near East coalescence time[2] |
|---|---|---|
| J1a1 | 27,300 years (± 8,000 years) | 17,700 years (± 2,500 years) |
| J1a2 | 7,700 years (± 3,500 years) | — |
| J1b | 5,000 years (± 2,200 years) | 23,300 years (± 4,300 years) |
| J2a | 19,200 years(± 6,900 years) | — |
| J2b1 | — | 15,000 years (± 5000 years) |
| J2b2 | 161,600* years (± 8,100 years) | 16,000 years (± 5,700 years) |
| J2b3 | 5,800 years (± 2,900 years) | — |
However, any statements concerning the geographic origin of this or any other haplogroup are highly speculative.
Distribution
Haplogroup J is found in approximately 12% of native Europeans.
Average frequency of J Haplogroup as a whole is highest in the Near East (12%) followed by Europe (11%), Caucasus (8%) and North Africa (6%). Of the two main sub-groups, J1 takes up four-fifths of the total and is spread on the continent while J2 is more localised around the Mediterranean, Greece, Italy/Sardinia and Spain. There is a high (19%) incidence of J1 haplogroup among the Polish Roma ethnic group which is ascribed to the founder effect. In Pakistan, where West Eurasian lineages occur at frequencies of up to 50% in some ethno-linguistic groups, J1 averages around 5%, while J2 occurrence is very rare. It is also found amongst 9% of Kalash.
Within Europe, >2% frequency distribution of mtDNA J is as follows:
- J* = Ireland — 12%, England-Wales — 11%, Scotland — 9%, Orkney — 8%, Germany — 7%, Russia (European) — 7%, Iceland — 7%, Austria-Switzerland — 5%, Finland-Estonia — 5%, Spain-Portugal — 4%, France-Italy — 3%
- J1a = Austria-Switzerland — 3%
- J1b1 = Scotland — 4%
- J2 = France-Italy — 2%
- J2a = Homogenously spread in Europe. Absent in the nations around the Caucasus. Not known to be found elsewhere.
- J2b1 = Virtually absent in Europe. Found in diverse forms in the Near East.
- J2b1a = Found in Western Europe and Russia.
The information below is from
Haplogroup J is relatively evenly distributed across all Europe. The only population in which it is absent are the Saami from Lapland. The highest frequencies of mtDNA J in Europe are found in Cornwall (20%), Wales (15%), Iceland (14%), Denmark (13.5%), Sardinia (13%), Scotland (12.5%), England (11.5%), Switzerland (11.5%), the Netherlands (11%) and Romania (11%). In the Middle East, it is most common in Saudi Arabia (21%), followed by Kuwait (16%), Yemen (15%), Kurdistan (15%), south-west Iran (14%), Iraq (13%), and the United Arab Emirates (12%). Local peaks are also observed among some Caucasian ethnic groups, such as the North Ossetians (16%) and the Dargins (11%).
Distribution of mtDNA haplogroup J in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East
Origins & History
The mutation defining haplogroup J is thought to have taken place some 45,000 years ago, probably in West Asia. It is estimated that J2 split first from J* around 37,000 years ago, followed by J1 some 33,000 years ago. Between the Last Glacial Maximum (c. 26,500 to 19,000 years before present) until the end of the last glaciation (c. 12,000 years ago), J lineages branched off in seven main subclades: J1b (± 23,000 ybp), J1c (± 16,500 ybp), J1d (± 20,000 ybp), J2a1 (± 16,500 ybp), J2a2 (± 20,500 ybp), J2b1 (± 15,500 ybp) and J2b2 (± 11,000 ybp). Note that the current nomenclature does not include any subclade called J1a anymore (the previous J1a was renamed J1b3a).Late Glacial recolonisation of Europe
Although no trace of mtDNA J has been found in Mesolithic or Palaeolithic Europe yet, it is likely that some J lineages recolonised Europe from the Near Eastern refugia, as proposed by Pala et al. (2012). If that is the case, this migration would most probably have been conducted by J2a1 lineages, a subclade that is virtually absent outside Europe today, although J1c cannot be excluded yet. The highest frequencies of J2a1 are found in northern Germany and Denmark (5%), Switzerland (3%) and England (2%).
J1c being so rare in the Middle East today, it can be envisaged that it was a lineage of hunter-gatherers who inhabited the Eastern Mediterranean and southern Balkans during the Epipaleolithic, but that its diffusion across the rest of Europe did not take place until the Neolithic period.
The paternal haplogroups originally corresponding to J1c and J2a1 might have been E-V13 and J2b, two lineages thought to have evolved in Southeast Europe in the Late Glacial and immediate postglacial periods. Contacts between tribes of European hunter-gatherers would have allowed J1c and J2a1 lineages to join Y-haplogroups I1, I2 and R1a already before the Neolithic.
Neolithic diffusion of agriculture
Samples have been identified from various Neolithic sites, including Linear Pottery culture (LBK) in Central Europe, theCardium Pottery culture in southern France, Megalithic cultures in northern Spain, and the Funnelbeaker culture in Germany and Sweden. All Neolithic samples tested to date belonged to J1*, J1c or J2b1a. J1c is by far the most common form of mtDNA J in Europe today, making up over three quarters of all J lineages.
One question that follows is: did J1c and J2b1a lineages actually come from the Near East during the Neolithic, or whether they were already in the Balkans and just expanded from there ? Both being rare in the Near East today, the second hypothesis might seem more convincing at first. However, the age of J2b1a has been estimated at 11,000 years before present, while the Neolithic started over 12,000 years ago in the Near East. In other words, it could have arrived from the Near East as J2b1* and developed into J2b1a only after reaching Europe, which would explain why this particular subclade is almost exclusively European while all other subclades of J2b1 are mostly Middle Eastern or the eastern Mediterranean.
Samples have been identified from various Neolithic sites, including Linear Pottery culture (LBK) in Central Europe, theCardium Pottery culture in southern France, Megalithic cultures in northern Spain, and the Funnelbeaker culture in Germany and Sweden. All Neolithic samples tested to date belonged to J1*, J1c or J2b1a. J1c is by far the most common form of mtDNA J in Europe today, making up over three quarters of all J lineages.
One question that follows is: did J1c and J2b1a lineages actually come from the Near East during the Neolithic, or whether they were already in the Balkans and just expanded from there ? Both being rare in the Near East today, the second hypothesis might seem more convincing at first. However, the age of J2b1a has been estimated at 11,000 years before present, while the Neolithic started over 12,000 years ago in the Near East. In other words, it could have arrived from the Near East as J2b1* and developed into J2b1a only after reaching Europe, which would explain why this particular subclade is almost exclusively European while all other subclades of J2b1 are mostly Middle Eastern or the eastern Mediterranean.
J2b1a would therefore have come as a maternal lineage of early agriculturalists alongside the paternal lineage G2a (and perhaps also E-M123, J1 and T). J1c, however, is too old (15,000 years) for that scenario. If it had been part of the Neolithic expansion from the Fertile Crescent, many J1c subclades would be primarily West Asian today, which isn't the case. The only J1c individuals outside Europe belong to deep clades that clearly originated in Europe.
Indo-European invasions during the Bronze Age
Haplogroup J has been found in Bronze Age samples from the Yamna culture (J2b), Corded Ware culture (J1c and J2b1a), the Catacomb culture (J1b1a1), the Unetice culture (J1b1a1), and the Urnfield culture (J1b1), all in Central Europe. The Corded Ware culture is associated with the expansion of Y-haplogroup R1a from the northern Russian steppe, and in light of the continuity with Neolithic samples from Central Europe it can be assumed that J1c and J2b1a maternal lineages were not brought by the newcomers, but absorbed by the male invaders.
On the other hand, J1b has never been found in Europe before the Bronze Age and was very probably brought by the Indo-Europeans carrying R1b paternal lineages. Both the Unetice and the Urnfield cultures are thought to have been founded mainly by R1b men. J1b has also been found among African tribes carrying R1b-V88 lineages, which would presume that J1b was one of the original maternal lineages found in R1b populations at least since the Early Neolithic (seeR1b history). The absence of J1b in Bronze Age sites associated with the expansion of the R1a branches of the Indo-Europeans (Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian) supports that European J1b is exclusively associated with ancient R1b populations.
J1b is also very common among non-R1b populations in the Middle East (notably the South Caucasus, Iran and the Arabian peninsula), although the subclades are different. The most common J1b subclade in Europe, and the one most strongly associated with Y-haplogroup R1b, is J1b1, and particularly J1b1a in Europe, which also happen to be the subclade identified in the Urnfield culture. Other subclades of J1b are restricted to the Middle East or the eastern Mediterranean.
The highest frequencies of J1b1a in Europe are consistantly observed the regions with high percentages of Y-haplogroup R1b, such as Iceland (5.5%), Scotland (3.5%), Wales (3.5%), and south-west France (2.5%).
The Kalash of northern Pakistan, who occasionally have blond hair and blue eyes, are another interesting case. According to Quintana-Murci et al. (2004), their maternal haplogroups are 100% Western Eurasian and include typically Indo-European lineages like H2a1 (2%), U2e (16%) and U4 (34%), all three linked to Y-haplogroup R1a, but possess also 11% of J2b1a, a lineage typically found in Russia and western Europe, but absent from or rare in the Near East (see above). Based on J2b1a's presence mostly in western Europe, the natural association would be with R1b. However, the Kalash have 18% of R1a, but no R1b (although they do have remnants of very old R* and R1*, which makes them very special). This means that J2b1a1 could have spread by either R1a or R1b Indo-Europeans, or both.
Typically European J1c subclades occasionally have deep clades found in West Asia, South Asia, Central Asia or North Asia. In most cases those subclades would have been spread outside Europe by the Indo-European migrations. Among potential candiates are J1c1 (found in Uzbekistan), J1c2a5 (found in the Canaries, among Volga Tatars and in Siberia),J1c2m (found in Turkmenistan, Siberia and Romania), J1c3e1 (found in Turkey), J1c3f (found in the North Caucasus and Kazakhstan), J1c4 (found in Siberia), J1c5 (found in India and among the Yakuts of Siberia), J1c7 (found in Armenia and Kuwait), J1c8 (found in India), J1c12a and J1c12b (found in Iraq and Azerbaijan). All of them are also found both in western and eastern Europe. Unfortunately, data for deep J subclades from Central and South Asia is still sparse at the moment and it is hard to confirm this with certainty.
Middle Eastern subclades
J1b (xJ1b1), J1d, J2a2, J2b1b and J2b2 are rare in Europe and essentially confined to the Middle East. J2a2 is also common in north-western Africa (J2a2b and J2a2d).
J1d and J1b subclades other than J1b1 are found all around the Middle East and the Caucasus and expands towards Mediterranean Europe to the west and Iran to the east. J1d4 has even been found among Indian Brahmins. The distribution of mt-haplogroups J1b and J1d are reminiscent of thhose of Y-haplogroup J1 and J2 (mtDNA J1d being closer to Y-DNA J2).
Subclades
- J1
- J1b
- J1b1 : an Indo-European subclade, found in Anatolia, Central Asia, India and most of Europe
- J1b1a : found in Europe, the Caucasus and India
- J1b1a1 : found in western Europe
- J1b1a2 : found in Italy, Greece and Armenia
- J1b1a3 : found in Italy, Armenia and northern Iran
- J1b1b : found in north-west Europe, Italy, Turkey and China (Xinjiang)
- J1b1b1 : found in Italy, Armenia, Iraq, Iran, India and Siberia (Buryats, Altai-Kizhi)
- J1b1b2 : found in Iran
- J1b2 : found in Mesopotamia, Morocco, Iberia, Italy and France
- J1b2a : found in the Near East
- J1b3 : found in Italy and Armenia
- J1b3a : found in Iran (Persians), Armenia and central Europe
- J1b3b : found in Greece and Iran
- J1b4 : found in Turkey and Crete
- J1b4a : found in Armenia and Iran
- J1b5
- J1b5a : found in Iraq, Armenia and Ossetia
- J1b5b : found in Iraq and Iran
- J1b5c : found in Iran (Qashqai)
- J1b6 : found in Iran (Persians), Iraq and Kuwait
- J1b6a : found in Italy and Iran
- J1b7 : found in Iraq and Turkey
- J1b8 : found in Armenia and the Maghreb
- J1c
- J1c1 : found throughout Europe
- J1c1a : found in the British Isles and Finland
- J1c1b : found in western and northern Europe
- J1c1c
- J1c1d
- J1c1e
- J1c1f
- J1c1g : found in western Europe
- J1c2 : found throughout Europe
- J1c2a : found in the British Isles and Scandinavia
- J1c2b : found in the British Isles
- J1c2c : found in northern and eastern Europe
- J1c2d : found in the British Isles and Scandinavia
- J1c2e : found in northern and central Europe, among the Basques, and in Iran (Persians)
- J1c2f : found in the southern Russia, northern and central Europe
- J1c2g : found in Britain
- J1c2h
- J1c2i : found in Turkey
- J1c2j : found in Italy
- J1c2k : found in Greece
- J1c2l
- J1c2m : found in Romania, Russia (Siberia), Iran and Turkmenistan
- J1c2n : found in Finland
- J1c2o
- J1c2p : found in Ukraine
- J1c2q
- J1c2r : found in Estonia
- J1c2s
- J1c3 : found throughout Europe
- J1c3a : found in north-western Europe
- J1c3b : found in north-western Europe
- J1c3c : found in France, Germany and the Benelux
- J1c3d : found in Russia
- J1c3e : found in central and north-eastern Europe
- J1c3f : found in northern Europe
- J1c3g : found in north-western Europe and Russia
- J1c3h
- J1c3i
- J1c3j
- J1c3k : found in Russia (Adygea)
- J1c4 : found in central and northern Europe
- J1c4a
- J1c4b
- J1c5 : found in most of Europe
- J1c5a
- J1c5b
- J1c5c: found among the Basques
- J1c5d: found in north-western Europe
- J1c5e : found in Europe and India (Punjab)
- J1c5f
- J1c6: found among the Basques
- J1c7 : found in eastern, central and northern Europe, and in Iran (Qashqai)
- J1c7a : found in Spain, Italy, south-eastern and north-eastern Europe, and Iran (Persians)
- J1c8 : found in Sweden, Britain, Spain, Crete and India
- J1c8a
- J1c8b
- J1c9 : found in northern Europe and Italy
- J1c10 : found in central and western Europe, Italy, (incl. Sardinia) and Morocco
- J1c10a
- J1c11: found in Italy and Austria
- J1c11a
- J1c12: found in Italy, Israel, Mesopotamia, Azerbaijan and Russia (Volga Tatars)
- J1c13
- J1c14 : found in central and eastern Europe
- J1c15 : found in Italy and the Near East (Israel, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Kuwait)
- J1c15a
- J1c15b
- J1c16
- J1c17 : found in Sardinia
- J1d : found in Mediterranean Europe, the Middle East and the Caucasus
- J1d1 : found in Spain, Italy Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Iran, Kuwait, and Uganda
- J1d1a
- J1d1b
- J1d2 : found in Italy, Armenia and Iran
- J1d2a:
- J1d3 : found in Italy and around the Caucasus (Adygea, Georgia)
- J1d3a: found in Iran (Qashqai)
- J1d3b
- J1d4 : found in Armenia and India (Brahmin)
- J1d5 : found in Iran
- J1d6 : found in Russia (Ossetia, Mansia, Siberia) and Iran (Azeri)
- J1d6a
- J2
- J2a
- J2a1 : found mostly in western, central and northern Europe, particularly around the Alps and Scandinavia
- J2a1a
- J2a2 : found mostly in the Near East and North Africa
- J2a2a : found in Italy, Anatolia, the Levant and Yemen
- J2a2b : found in the Maghreb, Greece and Russia
- J2a2c : found in Italy (including Sardinia) and Yemen
- J2a2d : found in the Maghreb
- J2b
- J2b1 : found mostly in the Near East (esp. Caucasus and Anatolia), but also in Mediterranean, central and Atlantic Europe
- J2b1a : found in western Europe and Russia
- J2b1b : found in the British Isles
- J2b1c : found in Greece (including Crete) and Russia
- J2b1d : found in Russia (Northwest Caucasus)
- J2b1e : found in Italy and the Levant (Lebanon)
- J2b1f : found in the Levant (Syria) and Armenia
- J2b1g
- J2b1h
- J2b2 : found in the Middle East and Romania
Associated medical conditions
According to González et al. (2012), haplogroup J appears to be protective against diabetes.
Coskun et al. (2004) studied the mutations that suppress mitochondrial transcription and replication and reported that haplogroup J could be protective against Alzheimer's Disease (AD).
The A10398G mutation defining haplogroup J (a back mutation from macrohaplogroup N) has been associated with increased longevity (Dato et al. (2005), Shlush et al. (2008) and Nijiati et al. (2013)) and protection against PD (Ghezzi et al. (2005) and Clark et al. (2011)). It is found in all members of haplogroup J except J1c8.
The common C150T mutation has been found at strikingly higher frequency among Chinese and Italian centenarians and may be advantageous for longevity and resistance to stress according to Chen et al. (2012). C150T defines haplogroups J1b7, J1c1c and J2, but may also be found among other subclades.
Hendrickson et al. (2008) studied the role played by mitochondrial function in AIDS progression in HIV-1 infected persons. They found that AIDS progression was faster for members of haplogroups J and U5a.
MartÃnez-Redondo et al. (2010) found that haplogroup J was associated with a lower maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) compared to other haplogroups. This would imply that members of haplogroup J have a reduced physical endurance during prolonged exercise.
Famous individuals
On 12 September 2012, archeologists from the University of Leicester announced that they had discovered what they believed were the remains of King Richard III of England (1452-1485) within the former Greyfriars Friary Church in the city of Leicester (see Exhumation of Richard III). The skeleton's DNA matched exactly the mitochondiral haplogroup (J1c2c) of modern matrilineal descendants of Anne of York, Richard's elder sister, confirming the identity of the medieval king.
Edward IV of England (1442-1483) was Richard III's elder brother and predecessor as King of England. Having the same mother, Cecily Neville, Duchess of York, both kings would have shared the same mtDNA haplogroup.
Other famous members of haplogroup J
- Esther Hochman Wojcicki (subclade J1c): an American journalist, educator, and vice chair of the Creative Commons board of directors.
- Anne Wojcicki (subclade J1c): an American biotech analyst, biologist, and businesswoman. As a businesswoman, she is the co-founder and chief executive officer of 23andMe. She is the daughter of Esther Wojcicki, and is married to Sergey Brin, co-founder of Google.
- Mario Batali (subclade J1): an American chef, writer, restaurateur and media personality. He is an expert on the history and culture of Italian cuisine, including regional and local variations.
- Ximena Navarrete : a Mexican model, actress and beauty pageant titleholder who won Miss Universe 2010.
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The information below is for my wife who is mtDNA is "J", but the information is for her - yours will likely be different. The information below is from all of her DNA (Autosomal DNA), not just the mtDNA. You receive your mtDNA from just your maternal lineage - your mother, her mother, etc. The Autsomal DNA is recieved from all your ancstors.
Beth's story- yours will be different. I include it here so you know what the Genographic Project of National Geographic includes in there reports.
Videos
General Videos about mtDNA
What is an mtDNA test? What will it tell me about my ancestors? Where can I have it done? What do my ...
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REFERENCES
My wife Beth's Maternal Line mtDNA J1c3g
The information below is for my wife who is mtDNA is "J", but the information is for her - yours will likely be different. The information below is from all of her DNA (Autosomal DNA), not just the mtDNA. You receive your mtDNA from just your maternal lineage - your mother, her mother, etc. The Autsomal DNA is recieved from all your ancstors.
Beth's story- yours will be different. I include it here so you know what the Genographic Project of National Geographic includes in there reports.
WHO AM I?
We are all more than the sum of our parts, but the results below offer some of the most dramatic and fascinating information in your Geno 2.0 test. In this section, we display your affiliations with a set of nine world regions. This information is determined from your entire genome so we’re able to see both parents’ information, going back six generations. Your percentages reflect both recent influences and ancient genetic patterns in your DNA due to migrations as groups from different regions mixed over thousands of years. Your ancestors also mixed with ancient, now extinct hominid cousins like Neanderthals in Europe and the Middle East or the Denisovans in Asia. If you have a very mixed background, the pattern can get complicated quickly! Use the reference population matches below to help understand your particular result. VIEW THE "WHO AM I" VIDEO
YOUR RESULTS
41%
NORTHERN EUROPEAN
This component of your ancestry is found at highest frequency in northern European populations—people from the UK, Denmark, Finland, Russia and Germany in our reference populations. While not limited to these groups, it is found at lower frequencies throughout the rest of Europe. This component is likely the signal of the earliest hunter-gatherer inhabitants of Europe, who were the last to make the transition to agriculture as it moved in from the Middle East during the Neolithic period around 8,000 years ago.
Note: In some cases regional percentages may not total 100%.
WHAT YOUR RESULTS MEAN
Modern day indigenous populations around the world carry particular blends of these regions. We compared your DNA results to the reference populations we currently have in our database and estimated which of these were most similar to you in terms of the genetic markers you carry. This doesn’t necessarily mean that you belong to these groups or are directly from these regions, but that these groups were a similar genetic match and can be used as a guide to help determine why you have a certain result. Remember, this is a mixture of both recent (past six generations) and ancient patterns established over thousands of years, so you may see surprising regional percentages. Read each of the population descriptions below to better interpret your particular result.
YOUR FIRST REFERENCE POPULATION: FINNISH
This reference population is based on samples collected from people native to Finland. The dominant 57% Northern European component likely reflects the earliest settlers in Europe, hunter-gatherers who arrived there more than 35,000 years ago. The 17% Mediterranean and 17% Southwest Asian percentages arrived later, with the spread of agriculture from the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East, over the past 10,000 years. As these early farmers moved into Europe, they spread their genetic patterns as well. Today, northern European populations retain the links to both earliest Europeans and these later migrants from the Middle East. The 7% Northeast Asian component reflects mixing with native Siberian populations, particularly the reindeer-herding Saami people of far northern Scandinavia.
FINNISH
YOU
YOUR SECOND REFERENCE POPULATION: TUSCAN (ITALY)
This reference population is based on samples collected from Italians native to Tuscany. The 54% Mediterranean and 17% Southwest Asian percentages reflect the strong influence of agriculturalists from the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East, who arrived in Italy more than 7,000 years ago. The 28% Northern European component likely comes from the pre-agricultural population of Europe—the earliest settlers, who arrived in Europe more than 35,000 years ago during the Upper Paleolithic period—and was perhaps increased during the conquest of northern Italy by the Germanic Lombards in the 6th-8th centuries. Today, the Northern European component predominates in northern European populations, while the Mediterranean component is more common in southern Europe.
TUSCAN (ITALY)
YOU
MORE INFORMATION:
- How Do You Compare? See an overview of all reference populations.
- Case Studies: Dr. Spencer Wells discusses example participant results.
Helping Understand Your Results: Learn more about this analysis and the science behind how it was conducted.- Region Descriptions: Read background on all nine regions.
Videos
Davidcici13 Genealogist Dr. Spencer Wells talks about ...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sZxXMzXkfbY
Mar 2, 2013 - Uploaded by davidcici11Evolution
Spencer Wells talks to a news team in Tucson, Arizona about their genealogy results. Haplogroup J, E, R1b ...European mtDNA and Y-DNA Haplogroups - YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IaSJH61_8YM
Mar 18, 2012 - Uploaded by PridefulEuropean
European mtDNA and Y-DNA Haplogroups. PridefulEuropean ...J1: Caucasian, Mesopotamian, Semitic ...Cross-strand binding of TFAM to a single mtDNA molecule ...
www.pnas.org/content/112/36/11288.full
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REFERENCES
Haplogroup J (mtDNA) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(mtDNA)
Wikipedia -In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup J is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup J derives from the haplogroup JT.
Possible place of origin: Caucasus, Eur...
Ancestor: JT
Descendants: J1, J2
Haplogroup J (mtDNA) - Eupedia
www.eupedia.com
History and description of Haplogroup J (mitochondrial DNA) and its subclades.
Family Tree DNA - J-mtDNA
https://www.familytreedna.com/public/J-mtDNA/
Family Tree DNA
This group project is for those who have been classified mtDNA J*, J1, J2, ... This mtDNA Haplogroup Project groups individuals that share the same Haplogroup ...
"What if you're wrong" - haplogroup J - Gene Expression
blogs.discovermagazine.com/.../what-if-youre-wrong-haplogro...
Jun 28, 2011 - Back when this sort of thing was cutting edge mtDNA haplogroup J was a pretty big deal. This was the haplogroup often associated with the ...
Haplogroup J (mtDNA) - Facebook
Haplogroup J (mtDNA). J (Jasmine) HVR1 HVR2 Specific mitochondrial haplogroups are typically found in different...
Haplogroup J (mtDNA) - Familypedia - Wikia
familypedia.wikia.com/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(mtDNA)
Haplogroup J is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup Jderives from the...
J (mtDNA) - Geni
www.geni.com/projects/J-mtDNA/8529
Geni
Geni Project: J (mtDNA). For people who have tested and are assigned the maternalhaplogroup J or who are believed to have had that maternal.
iGENEA forum: Haplogroup J
https://www.igenea.com/en/forum/d/haplogroup-j/167
trpbob@comcast.net trying to figure out how to interpet this mtDNA even if my mother ...But the mtDNA J haplogroup is still commoner among the Bedouin of the ...
The Subclades of mtDNA Haplogroup J and Proposed ...
www.jogg.info/42/files/logan.htm
by J Logan - Cited by 1 - Related articles
A Comprehensive Analysis of mtDNA Haplogroup J. Jim Logan. Abstract. In the furtherance of a better understanding of human genetic origins and migration ..
Haplogroup J Mtdna
Adwww.info.com/Haplogroup+J+Mtdna
Get Haplogroup J Mtdna Info. Access Search & Social Results Now.
Contact Craighullinger@gmail.com
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(mtDNA)
Wikipedia -In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup J is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup J derives from the haplogroup JT.
Possible place of origin: Caucasus, Eur...
Ancestor: JT
Descendants: J1, J2
Haplogroup J (mtDNA) - Eupedia
www.eupedia.com
History and description of Haplogroup J (mitochondrial DNA) and its subclades.
Family Tree DNA - J-mtDNA
https://www.familytreedna.com/public/J-mtDNA/
Family Tree DNA
This group project is for those who have been classified mtDNA J*, J1, J2, ... This mtDNA Haplogroup Project groups individuals that share the same Haplogroup ...
"What if you're wrong" - haplogroup J - Gene Expression
blogs.discovermagazine.com/.../what-if-youre-wrong-haplogro...
Jun 28, 2011 - Back when this sort of thing was cutting edge mtDNA haplogroup J was a pretty big deal. This was the haplogroup often associated with the ...
Haplogroup J (mtDNA) - Facebook
Haplogroup J (mtDNA). J (Jasmine) HVR1 HVR2 Specific mitochondrial haplogroups are typically found in different...
Haplogroup J (mtDNA) - Familypedia - Wikia
familypedia.wikia.com/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(mtDNA)
Haplogroup J is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup Jderives from the...
J (mtDNA) - Geni
www.geni.com/projects/J-mtDNA/8529
Geni
Geni Project: J (mtDNA). For people who have tested and are assigned the maternalhaplogroup J or who are believed to have had that maternal.
iGENEA forum: Haplogroup J
https://www.igenea.com/en/forum/d/haplogroup-j/167
trpbob@comcast.net trying to figure out how to interpet this mtDNA even if my mother ...But the mtDNA J haplogroup is still commoner among the Bedouin of the ...
The Subclades of mtDNA Haplogroup J and Proposed ...
www.jogg.info/42/files/logan.htm
by J Logan - Cited by 1 - Related articles
A Comprehensive Analysis of mtDNA Haplogroup J. Jim Logan. Abstract. In the furtherance of a better understanding of human genetic origins and migration ..
Haplogroup J Mtdna
Adwww.info.com/Haplogroup+J+Mtdna
Get Haplogroup J Mtdna Info. Access Search & Social Results Now.
Contact Craighullinger@gmail.com